2. Behavioral tests: open field, pole test, foot-fault, hanging, and rotarod tests

3. Imaging analysis: MRI and SPECT

4. Biomarker analysis: dopamine and metabolites

5. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry: H&E staining and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neuronal detection

1. Neurobehavioral assessments

2. ELISA for Aβ levels

3. Western blotting for Tau protein

4. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry: (1) amyloid plaques; (2) neurons; (3) NFTs; (4) microglia; (5) astrocytes;

5. AChE and ChAT activity and ACh content assays, ELISA (scopolamine-induced model)

6. Neuroinflammation assessment

7. Oxidative stress assessment

1. Observation of hindlimb tonic extension

2. Mortality

1. Cognitive behavioral assessment

2. Histopathology

Anxiety

Light/dark box test

Mice, rats

1. Shuttle box test

2. Locomotor activity, sleep duration, subthreshold sleep duration, and EEG to exclude sedative-hypnotic effects

1. Elevated plus maze test

2. Locomotor activity, sleep duration, subthreshold sleep duration, and EEG to exclude sedative-hypnotic effects.

1. Spontaneous locomotor activity

2. Novel object recognition

3. Elevated plus maze, etc

1.Neurological scoring

2.Brain weight

3.Histopathology: brain sections, H&E staining, TTC staining/TUNEL staining

4.Behavioral tests: Morris water maze, cylinder test, and rotarod test

1. Neurological function scoring

2. Gastrocnemius muscle atrophy

3. Immunohistochemical staining

1. Motor behavioral assessments

2. Histopathology

3. Immunohistochemical staining

1. Body weight

2. Neurological function score